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There are two basic types of extraction: surface and sub-surface (deep), each relying on a variety of techniques.

Minerals have been integral to human advancement since the Bronze Age.

Since ancient civilisation, humans have applied mining techniques when mining rocks and minerals on Earth’s surface.

Mineral exploration can impact on the environment. Its effect depends on the scale of exploration and what equipment is used in the exploration phase.

Minerals are non–renewable natural resources that are vital for the construction, manufacturing and energy industries.