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Factors contributing to epidemics and pandemics
- National Geographic : urban area
The article explains what is urbanisation and how population growth impacts the environment. - Areas vulnerable to disease caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi
[This article] provides information on the broad climatic envelope of P. cinnamomi in Australia, based on current knowledge of rainfall and temperature requirements for the establishment and persistence of the pathogen, and in some cases on other criteria such as geology, soil and elevation. - Social, Economic and Environmental Drivers of Disease Emergence
The emergence of new diseases and re-emergence of known diseases is related to a complex matrix of social, economic and environmental factors. Difficulties predicting the next disease outbreak mean we need to have the skills and agility to respond to the unexpected. - EnvironmentThe environment plays a powerful role in the transmission of infectious diseases, including vector-borne diseases such as malaria, dengue, and human African trypanosomiasis.
- Climate change and human healthThere is much evidence of associations between climatic conditions and infectious diseases. Malaria is of great public health concern, and seems likely to be the vector-borne disease most sensitive to long-term climate change. Malaria varies seasonally in highly endemic areas.
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Environmental Determinants of Infectious Disease: A Framework for Tracking Causal Links and Guiding Public Health Research
Eisenberg, J. N. S., Desai, M. A., Levy, K., Bates, S. J., Liang, S., Naumoff, K., & Scott, J. C. (2007). Environmental Determinants of Infectious Disease: A Framework for Tracking Causal Links and Guiding Public Health Research. Environmental Health Perspectives, 115(8), 1216–1223. http://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.9806
Examples
- The hidden environmental factors behind the spread of Zika and other devastating diseasesThe latest example of how human alterations to their environments, in the broadest sense, can empower disease-carrying organisms like Aedes and the viruses they bring with them.
- 10 Major Factors That Contribute to the Spread of HIV/AIDS in the Developing WorldAccording to World Health Organization (WHO), the developing countries have the highest number of HIV/AIDS infections in the whole world. There are approximately 32 million people living with the virus in these countries.
- Sick cities: how to beat pandemics that spread like we live in one big metropolisFast diagnosis and good sanitation are our best weapons in the uneven fight against a rapid outbreak of disease
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Climate change and human health
World Health Organisation. (n.d.). WHO | Climate change and human health - risks and responses. Summary. Retrieved May 29, 2018, from http://www.who.int/globalchange/climate/summary/en/index5.html